Antisemitism in Europe

Antisemitism,^[1] also known as Judeophobia,^[2] has a long history in Europe.^[3] The worst instance of antisemitism in European history is the Holocaust.^[4] The adjective of antisemitism is antisemitic. Those who hold antisemitic views are called antisemites.^[5]

1. ↑ "Working Definition Of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress (WJC). Retrieved October 22, 2024.
   IHRA Working Definition of Antisemitism :
   • Calling for, aiding, or justifying the killing or harming of Jews in the name of a radical ideology or an extremist view of religion.
   • Making mendacious, dehumanizing, demonizing, or stereotypical allegations about Jews as such or the power of Jews as collective — such as, especially but not exclusively, the myth about a world Jewish conspiracy or of Jews controlling the media, economy, government or other societal institutions.
   • Accusing Jews as a people of being responsible for real or imagined wrongdoing committed by a single Jewish person or group, or even for acts committed by non-Jews.
   • Denying the fact, scope, mechanisms (e.g. gas chambers) or intentionality of the genocide of the Jewish people at the hands of National Socialist Germany and its supporters and accomplices during World War II (the Holocaust).
   • Accusing the Jews as a people, or Israel as a state, of inventing or exaggerating the Holocaust.
   • Accusing Jewish citizens of being more loyal to Israel, or to the alleged priorities of Jews worldwide, than to the interests of their own nations.
   • Denying the Jewish people their right to self-determination, e.g., by claiming that the existence of a State of Israel is a racist endeavor.
   • Applying double standards by requiring of it a behavior not expected or demanded of any other democratic nation.
   • Using the symbols and images associated with classic antisemitism (e.g., claims of Jews killing Jesus or blood libel) to characterize Israel or Israelis.
   • Drawing comparisons of contemporary Israeli policy to that of the Nazis.
   • Holding Jews collectively responsible for actions of the state of Israel.
2. ↑
   • Schäfer, Peter (October 1, 1998). Judeophobia: Attitudes toward the Jews in the Ancient World. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674487789. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
   • Hayes, Christine (1999). "Judeophobia: Peter Schäfer on the Origins of Anti-Semitism". Jewish Studies Quarterly. 6 (3). Mohr Siebeck GmbH & Co. KG: 261–273. JSTOR stable/40753239. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
   • Wistrich, Robert S. (1999). Demonizing the other: Antisemitism, racism and xenophobia. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-51619-8. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
   • Cârstocea, Raul (2014). Anti-semitism in Romania: Historical Legacies, Contemporary Challenges (PDF). Flensburg: European Centre for Minority Issues (ECMI). Retrieved December 8, 2024.
   • Loveland, Matthew T.; Popescu, Delia (September 4, 2015). "The Gypsy Threat Narrative: Explaining Anti-Roma Attitudes in the European Union". Humanity & Society. 40 (3). doi:10.1177/0160597615601715. Retrieved December 8, 2024.
3. ↑
   • "AJC's glossary of antisemitic terms, phrases, conspiracies, cartoons, themes, and memes" (PDF). American Jewish Committee (AJC). 2021. Retrieved December 3, 2024.
   • "Magnifying glass
     Debunking Misconceptions About the Definition of Antisemitism". World Jewish Congress. Retrieved October 23, 2024. Those who hate Jews can no longer hide behind empty rhetoric
   • "500 years of antisemitic propaganda". Holocaust Encyclopedia. Retrieved December 4, 2024.
   • Klaff, Lesley (2014). "Holocaust Inversion and contemporary antisemitism". Fathom Journal. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
   • Sweeney, Jon (March 2023). "From hateful murmurs to blood libel". The Christian Century. Retrieved December 4, 2024. Heather Blurton explains the origins and legacy of an outrageous antisemitic lie: the fable of William of Norwich.
   • "Holocaust inversion is going mainstream". Jewish News Syndicate (JNS). August 15, 2024. Retrieved October 24, 2024. The point, of course, is to legitimize violence against Jews.
4. ↑
   • Shapiro, P.A. (2007). "Faith, murder, resurrection: The Iron Guard and the Romanian Orthodox Church". Antisemitism, Christian Ambivalence, and the Holocaust. Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253116741. OCLC 191071016. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
   • Laqueur, Walter (July 30, 2009). "Towards the Holocaust". The Changing Face of Antisemitism: From Ancient Times to the Present Day. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 9780195341218. Retrieved November 3, 2024.
   • "Deportation of Hungarian Jews". Timeline of Events. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM). Archived from the original on 25 November 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
   • Brosnan, Matt (12 June 2018). "What Was The Holocaust?". Imperial War Museum. Archived from the original on 2 March 2019. Retrieved 2 March 2019.
   • "36 Questions About the Holocaust". Museum of Tolerance, Los Angeles. Retrieved 2024-10-14.
5. ↑
   • Vidino, Lorenzo (February 8, 2023). "Intersectional Antisemitism in America". Tablet magazine. Retrieved December 16, 2024. More often, left-wing antisemites claim to be acting in the name of progressive principles while espousing the same trite tropes that depict Jews as embodiments of soulless capitalism, colonialism (Israel is cast as the last colonial state), and white privilege.
   • Sears, Oliver (2024). "Anti-Zionism' has become the new Antisemitism in Ireland". Fathom Journal. Retrieved December 16, 2024. The language I hear denouncing Zionism is identical to the language deployed by antisemites, historical and current.
   • Slater, Tom (December 9, 2024). "Who is the Guardian to call spiked 'hard right'?". Spiked. Retrieved December 16, 2024. While it smears us as right-wing extremists, it stands accused of harbouring misogynists and anti-Semites.
   • Glavin, Terry (December 11, 2024). "The Explosion of Jew-Hate in Trudeau's Canada". The Free Press. Retrieved December 16, 2024. Almost none of these verbal or physical assaults are coming from white supremacists or antisemites of the right-wing variety. They are being carried out by self-described progressives, Arabs [... .]
   • Socken, Paul (December 13, 2024). "Pity the Poor Antisemite". Jewish Journal. Retrieved December 16, 2024. The antisemite is the most extreme and enduring symptom of a society in crisis.